Various types of capacitors are required in the electronic production of solid-state capacitors, which play different roles in circuits. Similar to resistors, they are commonly referred to as capacitors, represented by the letter C. As the name suggests, a capacitor is a container for storing charges. Despite the wide variety of capacitors, their basic structure and principles are the same. A capacitor is formed when two pieces of metal that are very close together are separated by a substance (solid, gas, or liquid). Two pieces of metal are called plates, and the material in between is called a medium.
Solid state capacitors are also divided into fixed capacity and variable capacity. But the common ones are fixed capacity capacitors, and the most common ones are electrolytic capacitors and ceramic capacitors. The ability of different capacitors to store charges also varies. The amount of charge stored when a capacitor is subjected to a DC voltage of 1 volt is called the capacitance of the capacitor. The basic unit of capacitance is Farad (F). However, in reality, Farad is a very uncommon unit because the capacity of a capacitor is often much smaller than that of 1 Farad. Commonly used are microfarads (μ F), nanomicrofarads (nF), and picofibers (pF) (also known as picofibers). Their relationship is: 1 Farad (F)=1000000 microfarads (μ F) 1 microfarads (μ F)=1000 nanomicrofarads (nF)=1000000 picofibers (pF).
In electronic circuits, capacitors are used to block direct current through alternating current, and also to store and release charges as filters to smooth out pulsating signals. Small capacity capacitors are typically used in high-frequency circuits, such as radios, transmitters, and oscillators. Large capacity capacitors are often used for filtering and storing charges. And there is also a characteristic, generally capacitors above 1 μ F are electrolytic capacitors, while capacitors below 1 μ F are mostly ceramic capacitors. Of course, there are also other types, such as single stone capacitors, polyester capacitors, small capacity mica capacitors, etc. Electrolytic capacitors have an aluminum shell that is filled with electrolyte and leads out two electrodes as positive (+) and negative (-) electrodes. Unlike other capacitors, their polarity in the circuit cannot be connected incorrectly, while other capacitors have no polarity.
Connect the two electrodes of a solid-state capacitor to the positive and negative terminals of the power supply. After a while, even if the power supply is disconnected, there will still be residual voltage between the two pins (after learning the tutorial, you can use a multimeter to observe). We say that the capacitor stores charge. The voltage is established between the electrode plates of a capacitor, which accumulates electrical energy. This process is called capacitor charging. A charged capacitor has a certain voltage at both ends. The process of releasing the charge stored in a capacitor into a circuit is called the discharge of the capacitor.